{"id":2881,"date":"2017-04-10T15:40:10","date_gmt":"2017-04-10T15:40:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/antropologia2-0.com\/?p=2881"},"modified":"2018-03-26T17:59:16","modified_gmt":"2018-03-26T17:59:16","slug":"anthropology-vehicle-future","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/","title":{"rendered":"Anthropology and self-driving cars"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What can anthropology contribute to self-driving cars sector? In this article we explain this\u00a0innovative relation.<\/p>\n<p>Progressively <\/span><b>technology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is becoming more relevant in contemporary societies, gradually replacing many of the tasks that the human being used to perform or accompanying it in their daily lives.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Technological advances have also been noticed in the <\/span><b>automotive sector<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, improving the way in which we move, and there have also been improvements related to the cost of vehicles and the effects of their uses for the environment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most important aspects still to be perfected is <\/span><b>security<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, since the effects on it will not be positive until we construct a system that orbits the <\/span><b>user<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and their needs, and the way in which it interacts with the present stimuli while driving (Kumar in Parkes and Franzen 1993).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For this task we need to know two very important things, the first is to establish the <\/span><b>needs of the user<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the vehicle and second, <\/span><b>what should the vehicle know about the driver<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">THE NEW ERA OF DRIVING<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The human being is a <\/span><b>nomadic species<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and from its beginnings has been in <\/span><b>constant movement.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> It has been a creature adapted to live and move in nature, during the day and at very low speeds, making use of sensors, a central nervous system and muscular properties adapted to such conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While muscle load has been reducing, mental demands like perception and attention have been growing. As a consequence, we have a human being with <\/span><b>characteristics of stone age<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> controlling <\/span><b>heavy and fast machines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in an environment full of <\/span><b>artificial signals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Kumar en Parkes and Franzen 1993).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We have recently moved from worrying about building a system of <\/span><b>safe roads<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, withstand the weather and wear, to focus on the problems related to the <\/span><b>user<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the vehicle, especially the dilemmas related to the <\/span><b>information received and the decisions.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gradually, the importance of <\/span><b>user knowledge<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, what we could call as <\/span><b>user experience<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><b>user needs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, becomes essential in a world where both products and services become increasingly personalized.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At present, private institutions, but also public ones, emphasize the <\/span><b>particularities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of each subject and the way in which he \/ she interacts and gives <\/span><b>use<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>meaning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the particular product or service.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, we are witnessing an unprecedented phenomenon in the history of humanity: most of the world&#8217;s population remains in constant connection and can produce and consume products, services, art, etc., with great ease. Given this scenario, where the <\/span><b>consumer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has become more <\/span><b>dynamic<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, more <\/span><b>plural<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, more <\/span><b>diverse<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, more <\/span><b>demanding<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, is where it becomes necessary to study the real <\/span><b>needs of users<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the way in which these requirements can be met.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>The cars of the future<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> should be able to provide us with the <\/span><b>alternatives<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that best meet our needs, taking into account not only the driver of the vehicle and its crew but also the other vehicles involved in the traffic as well as the <\/span><b>pedestrians<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, while respects and complies with traffic regulations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For such a mission we must <\/span><b>imagine the act of conduction as a social act<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>WHEN DRIVING IS SOCIAL<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the same line of research we find the work done by <\/span><b>Erik Vinkhuyzen<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Melissa Cefkin <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">during the process of development of <\/span><b>Autonomous Vehicles (AV)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, where the first step was to recognize that driving is not a merely technical action in which only we have to take into account speed, distance, time etc., but inherently such an action becomes part of <\/span><b>the social<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, since drivers relate to each other, with pedestrians and cyclists, within a set of signals and symbols that guide them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is precisely in the <\/span><b>social implication of driving<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where <\/span><b>anthropologists<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would have a niche of applicability of their profession, more specifically in the translation of social driving practices into viable algorithms to be able to design these autonomous vehicles. The goal is to get <\/span><b>VAs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> integrated into the driving system in a <\/span><b>socially acceptable way<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Cefkin and Vinkhuyzen 2016), which means that you have to understand what happens every time a person gets behind the wheel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The answer is that the act of driving is <\/span><b>undeniably social<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a mixture of people trying to make their way to their destination, using a variety of modes of transport in such a way that an interaction is inevitable, all this within a regulated circulation system.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is truly challenging in the elaboration of VAs is to be able to translate the <\/span><b>impulsive<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>random<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>social behavior<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the human being in algorithms that offer the capacity of calculation and decision to these systems of Artificial Intelligence (AI).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>When we take the road to our destination, both drivers of vehicles and pedestrians are part of a system regulated by a large number of rules, signs and symbols that regulates us when we move. The challenge is to translate social behavior and mutual agreement into the driving system, aspects which are outside the regulated traffic system.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is the <\/span><b>peculiarities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of each instant that escape the calculation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Many times we make necessary maneuvers although we break the rules of traffic, sometimes we cross when the traffic light is red only because we follow another pedestrian by inertia, sometimes as pedestrians we do not agree with a driver of a vehicle who passes first and we create a situation of insecurity in both.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All these innumerable interactions between pedestrians, drivers of vehicles and cyclists deserve to be studied in order to realize not only a vehicle capable of thinking for itself, but to change the current driving system, make it <\/span><b>safer and lighter.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A first step is to recognize that <\/span><b>economics and technology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are cultural manifestations, reflecting our desires and fetishes, and on this basis we can work for an ethical future in these two areas that meets the <\/span><b>real<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> needs of humanity. Technology is the creative freedom of the human being, it is the gift that humanity possesses to forge its own destiny, and therefore deserves the attention, effort and necessary care.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Anthropology,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as the main discipline of society and culture, must be a leader in providing both knowledge and techniques of analysis and understanding, in order to reach human progress, in other words, <\/span><b>innovation.<\/b><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>References:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Parkes, M. &amp; Franzen, S. (1993) <i>Driving future vehicles.<\/i> Taylor &amp; Francis Ltd., London.<\/p>\n<p>Vinkhuyzen, E. &amp; Cefkin, M. (2016) <i>Developing Socially Acceptable Autonomous Vehicle<\/i>. 2016 Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceeding, p. 522-534.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What can anthropology contribute to self-driving cars sector? In this article we explain this\u00a0innovative relation. Progressively technology is becoming more relevant in contemporary societies, gradually replacing many of the tasks that the human being used to perform or accompanying it in their daily lives. Technological advances have also been noticed in the automotive sector, improving&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2883,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[477],"tags":[423,280,399],"class_list":["post-2881","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-analysis","tag-automobile","tag-design","tag-innovation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Anthropology and self-driving cars - Antropolog\u00eda 2.0 Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Social anthropology is integrated in the self-driving cars innovation, contributing its holistic knowledge to this strategic sector.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Silivestru Goncearenco\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Silivestru Goncearenco\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ac832a10d71db9ecd4d4a41f1e627018\"},\"headline\":\"Anthropology and self-driving cars\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-04-10T15:40:10+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-03-26T17:59:16+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/\"},\"wordCount\":1066,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/anthropology-and-innovative-cars.png\",\"keywords\":[\"automobile\",\"design\",\"innovation\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Analysis\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/\",\"name\":\"Anthropology and self-driving cars - 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Apasionado de la antropolog\u00eda militar y preocupado por la \u00e9tica de esta colaboraci\u00f3n. Profundamente interesado en la tecnoantropolog\u00eda\/cyborg anthropology y en la aplicabilidad de nuestra disciplina.\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Anthropology and self-driving cars - Antropolog\u00eda 2.0 Blog","description":"Social anthropology is integrated in the self-driving cars innovation, contributing its holistic knowledge to this strategic sector.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Silivestru Goncearenco","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/"},"author":{"name":"Silivestru Goncearenco","@id":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/ac832a10d71db9ecd4d4a41f1e627018"},"headline":"Anthropology and self-driving cars","datePublished":"2017-04-10T15:40:10+00:00","dateModified":"2018-03-26T17:59:16+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/"},"wordCount":1066,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/04\/anthropology-and-innovative-cars.png","keywords":["automobile","design","innovation"],"articleSection":["Analysis"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/","url":"https:\/\/blog.antropologia2-0.com\/en\/anthropology-vehicle-future\/","name":"Anthropology and self-driving cars - 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